MOTIVATIONAL VIDEO FOR ENGINEERING STUDENT: SEE VIDEO OF ALL FOUNDERS OF FACEBOOK, TWITTER AND MICROSOFT.

(NOTE: "Everybody in this country should learn how to program a computer...because it teaches you how to think"-Steve Jobs

We were interested in finding out what current engineering students could do to put themselves on the fast track to career success. We invited visiting blogger Edward Crawley, professor of engineering and director of the Bernard M. Gordon Engineering Leadership Program at MIT, to share with us the advice he gives his own undergraduate engineering students. Here are his best tips, most of which would work for any career-aspiring college student:

1. Identify the people who inspire you, and find out what makes them tick. If you love Apple products, Steve Jobs may be your idol, or perhaps you love the Segway and its creator, Dean Kamen. You can easily find out a lot of information about Jobs and Kamen—or just about any other prominent person in technology—so use it to look into what's helped these people and their companies become so successful. Then emulate their good traits in your personal, scholastic, and professional life.

2. Develop a portfolio of projects. Participate in every hands-on, experiential learning opportunity that a balanced schedule allows. This way, you'll have something unique to show a prospective employer (or venture capitalist) when you graduate, while other students will only be able to list their courses. In addition, you'll be far more likely to retain the knowledge you've gained in classes because you'll be applying it and, in the process, boosting your communication and interpersonal skills.

3. Learn the value of networking. When it comes to being a leader, whom you know is almost as important as what you know. Attend lectures on your campus and introduce yourself to the speakers. Check with your school's alumni association to get a list of alumni from your program who want to connect with undergraduates.

4-Star Tip. In addition to E-mail, you can use LinkedIn or other social media tools to connect online. But remember: There's no substitute for a traditional, face-to-face meeting, so if you can find a way to meet in person, that's always the best.

5. Seek informal leadership roles. You're always a leader, whether you're officially in charge of a team or not. Sounds counterintuitive, but you can lead from any position in an organization by influencing how people work together and how they make decisions. Usually people think that the leader is the president or the manager, but if you learn how to recognize and deal with various leadership styles from any position in a team, you'll be seen as a leader when you take on your first job or internship.

6. Find your flaws—and fix them. As with any skill, leadership needs constant improvement. When you are part of a team, try to create a way to get feedback from team members, group leaders, and professors. When you have concrete feedback on how people view you, you can work to improve your skills, including communication and leadership. Plus, you'll learn how to accept—and give—constructive criticism. That's absolutely necessary for your future career.

7. Take a business class. As an engineer, it's not enough for you to be technically proficient; you need to have business savvy. If you're going to be a leader, you need to understand what a P&L is (also known as an income statement), read organization charts, know how to negotiate contracts, and be familiar with the myriad other functions that every top engineer needs to know. Otherwise, you won't understand what to do when an accountant, lawyer, or middle manager gets in the way. A business course or two can take you a long way, and these classes are often easier to pass than your calculus course!

8. Take design and other humanities classes. There's a wide world out there beyond problem sets, laboratories, and theory. Take a visual design course so you'll learn to represent ideas graphically. Take a cognitive science course to learn how people interpret the world and understand it. Take a literature course to develop your knowledge and appreciation of the classic books, which will help you write and communicate more effectively.

5-Star Tip. Tomorrow's leaders will have to communicate effectively across international borders and be familiar with other cultures, so develop some proficiency in another language, travel abroad, or meet students from other cultures. Start "globalizing" right at college.

9. Make your summers productive. Employers place tremendous value on practical experience. Seek out internship opportunities actively and early in your academic career. Try to demonstrate through your internships a series of evolving leadership experiences, and use the internships to build your portfolio of actual projects/products. New graduates who can show a commitment to using their summer to continue to learn are always viewed more seriously by a prospective employer.

10. Recruit and develop your personal board of directors. As an undergraduate, you might feel alone when confronted with hard decisions about the courses to take, jobs to apply for, or even balancing school work and your personal life. You won't feel alone if you develop a personal board of directors just for you. Just as a company has a board that guides the organization, you can stock your board with professionals from organizations and companies, as well as former teachers and knowledgeable family friends.

Extra Pointer. Be sure to "nurture" your board of directors: Keep in touch with them, provide them regular updates, ask them for guidance, and be sure to thank them for any help they provide. And don't be afraid of conflicting advice. If members offer different suggestions, you'll have the occasion to balance off one idea against another and make your own decision—just like at a real company.

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Sr.Isaac Newton History

Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. The son of a farmer, who died three months before he was born, Newton spent most of his early years with his maternal grandmother after his mother remarried. His education interrupted by a failed attempt to turn him into a farmer, he attended the King’s School in Grantham before enrolling at the University of Cambridge’s Trinity College in 1661.

Newton studied a classical curriculum at Cambridge, but he became fascinated by the works of modern philosophers such as René Descartes, even devoting a set of notes to his outside readings he titled “Quaestiones Quaedam Philosophicae” (“Certain Philosophical Questions”). When the Great Plague shuttered Cambridge in 1665, Newton returned home and began formulating his theories on calculus, light and color, his farm the setting for the supposed falling apple that inspired his work on gravity.

Newton returned to Cambridge in 1667 and was elected a minor fellow. He constructed the first reflecting telescope in 1668, and the following year he received his Master of Arts degree and took over s Cambridge’s Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. Asked to give a demonstration of his telescope to the Royal Society of London in 1671, he was elected to the Royal Society the following year and published his notes on optics for his peers.

Through his experiments with refraction, Newton determined that white light was a composite of all the colors on the spectrum, and he asserted that light was composed of particles instead of waves. His methods drew sharp rebuke from established Society member Robert Hooke,

who was unsparing again with Newton’s follow-up paper in 1675. Known for his temperamental defense of his work, Newton engaged in heated correspondence with Hooke before suffering a nervous breakdown and withdrawing from the public eye in 1678. In the following years, he returned to his earlier studies on the forces governing gravity and dabbled in alchemy.

In 1684, English astronomer Edmund Halley paid a visit to the secluded Newton. Upon learning that Newton had mathematically worked out the elliptical paths of celestial bodies, Halley urged him to organize his notes. The result was the 1687 publication of “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica” (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), which established the three laws of motion and the law of universal gravity. Principia propelled Newton to stardom in intellectual circles, eventually earning universal acclaim as one of the most important works of modern science.

With his newfound influence, Newton opposed the  attempts of King James II to reinstitute Catholic teachings at English Universities, and was elected to represent Cambridge in Parliament in 1689. He moved to London permanently after being named warden of the Royal Mint in 1696, earning a promotion to master of the Mint three years later. Determined to prove his position wasn’t merely symbolic, Newton moved the pound sterling from the silver to the gold standard and sought to punish counterfeiters.

The death of Hooke in 1703 allowed Newton to take over as president of the Royal Society, and the following year he published his second major work, “Opticks.” Composed largely from his earlier notes on the subject, the book detailed Newton’s painstaking experiments with refraction and the color spectrum, closing with his ruminations on such matters as energy and electricity. In 1705, he was knighted by Queen Anne of England.

Around this time, the debate over Newton’s claims to originating the field of calculus exploded into a nasty dispute. Newton had developed his concept of “fluxions” (differentials) in the mid 1660s to account for celestial orbits, though there was no public record of his work. In the meantime, German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz formulated his own mathematical theories and published them in 1684. As president of the Royal Society, Newton oversaw an investigation that ruled his work to be the founding basis of the field, but the debate continued even after Leibniz’s death in 1716. Researchers later concluded that both men likely arrived at their conclusions independent of one another.

Newton was also an ardent student of history and religious doctrines, his writings on those subjects compiled into multiple books that were published posthumously. Having never married, Newton spent his later years living with his niece at Cranbury Park, near Winchester, England. He died on March 31, 1727, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

A giant even among the brilliant minds that drove the Scientific Revolution, Newton is remembered as a transformative scholar, inventor and writer. He eradicated any doubts about the heliocentric model of the universe by establishing celestial mechanics, his precise methodology giving birth to what is known as the scientific method. Although his theories of space-time and gravity eventually gave way to those of Albert Einstein, his work remains the bedrock on which modern physics was built.

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Aerodynamics Car Test By Use SolidWorks Simulation(Video & Document)

Most of us don't think of air or wind as a wall. At low speeds and on days when it's not very windy outside, it's hard to notice the way air interacts with our vehicles. But at high speeds, and on exceptionally windy days, air resistance (the forces acted upon a moving object by the air -- also defined as drag) has­ a tremendous effect on the way a car accelerates, handles and achieves fuel mileage.

This where the science of aerodynamics comes into play. Aerodynamics is the study of forces and the resulting motion of objects through the air [source: NASA]. For several decades, cars have been designed with aerodynamics in mind, and carmakers have come up with a variety of innovations that make cutting through that "wall" of air easier and less of an impact on daily driving.

­Essentially, having a car designed with airflow in mind means it has less difficulty accelerating and can achieve better fuel economy numbers because the engine doesn't have to work nearly as hard to push the car through the wall of air.

Engineers have developed several ways of doing this. For instance, more rounded designs and shapes on the exterior of the vehicle are crafted to channel air in a way so th­at it flows around the car with the least resistance possible. Some high-performance cars even have parts that move air smoothly across the underside of the car. Many also include a spoiler -- also known as a rear wing -- to keep the air from lifting the car's wheels and making it unstable at high speeds. Although, as you'll read later, most of the spoilers that you see on cars are simply for decoration more than anything else.

In this article, we'll look at the physics of aerodynamics and air resistance, the history of how cars have been designed with these factors in mind and how with the trend toward "greener" cars, aerodynamics is now more important than ever.

Aerodynamics Solidworks Test Video

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FIRST CAR IN THE WORLD

Who invented the first car? If we're talking about the first modern automobile, then it's Karl Benz in 1886. But long before him, there were strange fore runners to the today's cars, including toys for emperors, steam-powered artillery carriers, and clanking, creaking British buses.
Humans have possessed knowledge of the wheel for several thousand years, and we've been using animals as a source of transportation for nearly that long. So, in some sense, the arliest forerunners of the car date back to the earliest mists of our prehistory. But perhaps a more useful way of thinking of the car is anything that could reasonably be called an "automobile" - in other words, any vehicle capable of propelling itself. In that case, we're at most talking about 439 years of car history.
The First Engine
To some extent, 1672 might seem surprisingly recent for the first car ever. After all, we keep discovering far more ancient analogues for modern items, including everything from
Babylonian museums to Roman fish tanks. So why haven't we discovered an ancient Egyptian car inside the pyramids, or even some medieval gadgetry that vaguely approximates an automobile?
Cugnot's Car
The 1700s were dominated by various inventors working to perfect the steam engine - Thomas Newcomer and James Watt are probably the most famous of these, but there were many more. But the first person to take a steam engine and place it on a full-sized vehicle was probably a Frenchman named Nicolas Joseph Cygnet

, who between 1769 and 1771 built a steam powered automobile more than thirty years before the railway's first steam locomotive.

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FATHER OF HELICOPTERS (IGOR SIKORSKY), see a History in Video and documentary form

HELICOPTER

During the mid 1500's, Italian inventor Leonardo Da Vinci made drawings of an ornithopter flying machine that some experts say inspired the modern day helicopter. In 1784, French inventor, Launoy and Bienvenue created a toy with a rotary-wing that could lift and fly and proved the principle of helicopter flight.
Origins of the Name
In 1863, the French writer Ponton D'Amecourt was the first person to coin the term "helicopter" from the two words "helico" for spiral and "pter" for wings.
The very first piloted helicopter was invented by Paul Cornu in 1907, however, this design was not successful.

French inventor, Etienne Oehmichen built and flew a helicopter one kilometer in 1924. Another early helicopter that flew for a decent distance was the German Focke-Wulf Fw 61, invented by an unknown inventor.

Igor Sikorsky

Igor Sikorsky is considered to be the "father" of helicopters not because he invented the first.

He is called that because he invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based.
One of aviation's greatest designers, Russian born Igor Sikorsky began work on helicopters as early as 1910. By 1940, Igor Sikorsky's successful VS-300 had become the model for all modern single-rotor helicopters. He also designed and built the first military helicopter, XR-4, which he delivered to Colonel Franklin Gregory of the U.S. Army.
Igor Sikorsky's helicopters had the control to fly safely forwards and backwards, up and down, and sideways. In 1958, Igor Sikorsky's rotorcraft company made the world's first helicopter that had a boat hull and could land and takeoff from water. It could also float on the water.
Stanley HillerIn
1944, American inventor Stanley Hiller, Jr. made the first helicopter with all metal rotorblades that were very stiff. They allowed helicopter to fly at speeds much faster than before. In 1949, Stanley Hiller piloted the first helicopter flight across the United States, flying a helicopter that he invented called the Hiller 360.
In 1946, Arthur Young of the Bell Aircraft company, designed the Bell Model 47 helicopter, the first helicopter to have a full bubble canopy.

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Standards and Codes

A standard is a set of specifications for parts, materials, or processes intended to achieve uniformity, efficiency, and a specified quality. One of the important purposes of a standard is to limit the multitude of variations that can arise from the arbitrary creation of a part, material, or process. A code is a set of specifications for the analysis, design, manufacture, and construction of something. The purpose of a code is to achieve a specified degree of safety, efficiency, and performance or quality. It is important to observe that safety codes do not imply absolute safety. In fact, absolute safety is impossible to obtain. Sometimes the unexpected event really does happen. Designing a building to withstand a 120 mi/h wind does not mean that the designers think a 140 mi/h wind is impossible; it simply means that they think it is highly improbable. All of the organizations and societies listed below have established specifications for standards and safety or design codes. The name of the organization provides a clue to the nature of the standard or code. Some of the standards and codes, as well as addresses, can be obtained in most technical libraries or on the Internet. The organizations

of interest to mechanical engineers are:

Aluminum Association (AA)

American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA)

American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA)

American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers(ASHRAE)

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)

American Welding Society (AWS)

ASM International

British Standards Institution (BSI)

Industrial Fasteners Institute (IFI)

Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)

Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE)

International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM)

International Federation of Robotics (IFR)

International Standards Organization (ISO)

National Association of Power Engineers (NAPE)

National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST)

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)

Economics

The consideration of cost plays such an important role in the design decision process that we could easily spend as much time in studying the cost factor as in the study of the entire subject of design. Here we introduce only a few general concepts and simple rules. First, observe that nothing can be said in an absolute sense concerning costs. Materials and labor usually show an increasing cost from year to year. But the costs of processing the materials can be expected to exhibit a decreasing trend because of the use of automated machine tools and robots. The cost of manufacturing a single product will vary from city to city and from one plant to another because of overhead, labor, taxes, and freight differentials and the inevitable slight manufacturing variations. All of the organizations and societies listed below have established specifications for standards and safety or design codes. The name of the organization provides a clue to the nature of the standard or code. Some of the standards and codes, as well as addresses, can be obtained in most technical libraries or on the Internet.

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The Design Engineer’s Professional Responsibilities (Topic 2)

• Understand the problem. Problem definition is probably the most significant step in the engineering design process. Carefully read, understand, and refine the problem statement.

• Identify the knowns. From the refined problem statement, describe concisely what information is known and relevant.

• Identify the unknowns and formulate the solution strategy. State what must be determined, in what order, so as to arrive at a solution to the problem. Sketch the component or system under investigation, identifying known and unknown parameters. Create a flowchart of the steps necessary to reach the final solution. The steps may require the use of free-body diagrams; material properties from tables; equations from first principles, textbooks, or handbooks relating the known and unknown parameters; experimentally or numerically based charts; specific computational tools as discussed in Sec. 1–4; etc.

• State all assumptions and decisions. Real design problems generally do not have unique, ideal, closed-form solutions. Selections, such as the choice of materials, and heat treatments, require decisions. Analyses require assumptions related to the modeling of the real components or system. All assumptions and decisions should be identified and recorded.

• Analyze the problem. Using your solution strategy in conjunction with your decisions and assumptions, execute the analysis of the problem. Reference the sources of all equations, tables, charts, software results, etc. Check the credibility of your results. Check the order of magnitude, dimensionality, trends, signs, etc.

• Evaluate your solution. Evaluate each step in the solution, noting how changes in strategy, decisions, assumptions, and execution might change the results, in positive or negative ways. Whenever possible, incorporate the positive changes in your final solution.

• Present your solution. Here is where your communication skills are important. At this point, you are selling yourself and your technical abilities. If you cannot skillfully explain what you have done, some or all of your work may be misunderstood and unaccepted. Know your audience. As stated earlier, all design processes are interactive and iterative. Thus, it may be necessary to repeat some or all of the above steps more than once if less than satisfactory results are obtained.

In order to be effective, all professionals must keep current in their fields of endeavor. The design engineer can satisfy this in a number of ways by: being an active member of a professional society such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), and the Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME); attending meetings, conferences, and seminars of societies, manufacturers, universities, etc.; taking specific graduate courses or programs at universities; regularly reading technical and professional journals; etc. An engineer’s education does not end at graduation The design engineer’s professional obligations include conducting activities in an ethical manner. Reproduced here is the Engineers’ Creed from the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE)5: As a Professional Engineer I dedicate my professional knowledge and skill to the advancement and betterment of human welfare.

I pledge:

To give the utmost of performance;

To participate in none but honest enterprise;

To live and work according to the laws of man and the highest standards of professional conduct;

To place service before profit, the honor and standing of the profession before personal advantage, and the public welfare above all other considerations. In humility and with need for Divine Guidance, I make this pledge.

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The Design Engineer’s Professional Responsibilities (Topic 1)

In general, the design engineer is required to satisfy the needs of customers (management, clients, consumers, etc.) and is expected to do so in a competent, responsible, ethical, and professional manner. Much of engineering course work and practice experience focuses on competence, but when does one begin to develop engineering responsibility and professionalism? To start on the road to success, you should start to develop these characteristics early in your educational program. You need to cultivate your professional work ethic and process skills before graduation, so that when you begin your formal engineering career, you will be prepared to meet the challenges. It is not obvious to some students, but communication skills play a large role here, and it is the wise student who continuously works to improve these skills—even if it is not a direct requirement of a course assignment! Success in engineering (achievements, promotions, raises, etc.) may in large part be due to competence but if you cannot communicate your ideas clearly and concisely, your technical proficiency may be compromised. You can start to develop your communication skills by keeping a neat and clear journal/logbook of your activities, entering dated entries frequently. (Many companies require their engineers to keep a journal for patent and liability concerns.) Separate journals should be used for each design project (or course subject). When starting a project or problem, in the definition stage, make journal entries quite frequently. Others, as well as yourself, may later question why you made certain decisions. Good chronological records will make it easier to explain your decisions at a later date. Many engineering students see themselves after graduation as practicing engineers designing, developing, and analyzing products and processes and consider the need of good communication skills, either oral or writing, as secondary. This is far from the truth. Most practicing engineers spend a good deal of time communicating with others, writing proposals and technical reports, and giving presentations and interacting with engineering and nonengineering support personnel. You have the time now to sharpen your communication skills. When given an assignment to write or make any presentation, technical or nontechnical, accept it enthusiastically, and work on improving your communication skills. It will be time well spent to learn the skills now rather than on the job. When you are working on a design problem, it is important that you develop a systematic approach. Careful attention to the following action steps will help you to organize your solution processing technique.Acquiring Technical Information.

We currently live in what is referred to as the information age, where information is generated at an astounding pace. It is difficult, but extremely important, to keep abreast of past and current developments in one’s field of study and occupation. The reference in Footnote 2 provides an excellent description of the informational resources available and is highly recommended reading for the serious design engineer. Some sources of information are:

• Libraries (community, university, and private). Engineering dictionaries and encyclopedias, textbooks, monographs, handbooks, indexing and abstract services, journals, translations, technical reports, patents, and business sources/brochures/catalogs.

• Government sources. Departments of Defense, Commerce, Energy, and Transportation; NASA; Government Printing Office; U.S. Patent and Trademark Office; National Technical Information Service; and National Institute for Standards and Technology.

• Professional societies. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Society of Automotive Engineers, American Society for Testing and Materials, and American Welding Society.

• Commercial vendors. Catalogs, technical literature, test data, samples, and cost information.

• Internet. The computer network gateway to websites associated with most of the

categories listed above.4This list is not complete. The reader is urged to explore the various sources of information on a regular basis and keep records of the knowledge gained.

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Design Tools and Resources

Today, the engineer has a great variety of tools and resources available to assist in the solution of design problems. Inexpensive microcomputers and robust computer software packages provide tools of immense capability for the design, analysis, and simulation of mechanical components. In addition to these tools, the engineer always needs technical information, either in the form of basic science/engineering behavior or the characteristics of specific off-the-shelf components. Here, the resources can range from science/engineering textbooks to manufacturers’ brochures or catalogs. Here too, the computer can play a major role in gathering information.2 Computational Tools Computer-aided design (CAD) software allows the development of three-dimensional (3-D) designs from which conventional two-dimensional orthographic views with automatic dimensioning can be produced. Manufacturing tool paths can be generated from the 3-D models, and in some cases, parts can be created directly from a 3-D database by using a rapid prototyping and manufacturing method (stereo lithography)—paperless manufacturing! Another advantage of a 3-D database is that it allows rapid and accurate calculations of mass properties such as mass, location of the center of gravity, and mass moments of inertia. Other geometric properties such as areas and distances between points are likewise easily obtained. There are a great many CAD software packages available such as Aries, AutoCAD, Cardkey, Ideas, Unit graphics, Solid Works, and Pro Engineer, to name a few. The term computer-aided engineering (CAE) generally applies to all computer related engineering applications. With this definition, CAD can be considered as a subset of CAE. Some computer software packages perform specific engineering analysis and/or simulation tasks that assist the designer, but they are not considered a tool for the creation of the design that CAD is. Such software fits into two categories: engineering based and non-engineering-specific. Some examples of engineering-based software for mechanical engineering applications—software that might also be integrated within a CAD system—include finite-element analysis (FEA) programs for analysis of stress and deflection (see Chap. 19), vibration, and heat transfer (e.g., Algol, ANSYS, and MSC/NASTRAN); computational fluid dynamics (CFD) programs for fluid-flow analysis and simulation (e.g., CFD++, FIDAP, and Fluent); and programs for simulation of dynamic force and motion in mechanisms (e.g., ADAMS, DADS, and Working Model). Examples of non-engineering-specific computer-aided applications include software for word processing, spreadsheet software (e.g., Excel, Lotus, and Quattro-Pro), and mathematical solvers (e.g., Maple, Mathcad, MATLAB,3 Mathematica, and TKsolver). Your instructor is the best source of information about programs that may be available to you and can recommend those that are useful for specific tasks. One caution, however: Computer software is no substitute for the human thought process. You are the driver here; the computer is the vehicle to assist you on your journey to a solution. Numbers generated by a computer can be far from the truth if you entered incorrect input, if you misinterpreted the application or the output of the program, if the program contained bugs, etc. It is your responsibility to assure the validity of the results, so be careful to check the application and results carefully, perform benchmark testing by submitting problems with known solutions, and monitor the software company and user-group newsletters.

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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Mechanical engineers are associated with the production and processing of energy and with providing the means of production, the tools of transportation, and the techniques of automation. The skill and knowledge base are extensive. Among the disciplinary bases are mechanics of solids and fluids, mass and momentum transport, manufacturing processes, and electrical and information theory. Mechanical engineering design involves all the disciplines of mechanical engineering. Real problems resist compartmentalization. A simple journal bearing involves fluid flow, heat transfer, friction, energy transport, material selection, thermomechanical treatments, statistical descriptions, and so on. A building is environmentally controlled. The heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning considerations are sufficiently specialized that some speak of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning design as if it is separate and distinct from mechanical engineering design. Similarly, internal-combustion engine design, turbomachinery design, and jet-engine design are sometimes considered discrete entities. Here, the leading string of words preceding the word design is merely a product descriptor. Similarly, there are phrases such as machine design, machine-element design, machine-component design, systems design, and fluid-power design. All of these phrases are somewhat more focused examples of mechanical engineering design. They all draw on the same bodies of knowledge, are similarly organized, and require similar skills.

Phases and Interactions of the Design Process

What is the design process? How does it begin? Does the engineer simply sit down at a desk with a blank sheet of paper and jot down some ideas? What happens next? What factors influence or control the decisions that have to be made? Finally, how does the design process end? The complete design process, from start to finish, is often outlined as in Fig. 1–1. The process begins with an identification of a need and a decision to do something about it. After many iterations, the process ends with the presentation of the plans for satisfying the need. Depending on the nature of the design task, several design phases may be repeated throughout the life of the product, from inception to termination. In the next several subsections, we shall examine these steps in the design process in detail. Identification of need generally starts the design process. Recognition of the need and phrasing the need often constitute a highly creative act, because the need may be only a vague discontent, a feeling of uneasiness, or a sensing that something is not right.
The phases in design, acknowledging the many feedbacks and iterations circumstance or a set of random circumstances that arises almost simultaneously. For example, the need to do something about a food-packaging machine may be indicated by the noise level, by a variation in package weight, and by slight but perceptible variations in the quality of the packaging or wrap. There is a distinct difference between the statement of the need and the definition of the problem. The definition of problem is more specific and must include all the specifications for the object that is to be designed. The specifications are the input and output quantities, the characteristics and dimensions of the space the object must occupy, and all the limitations on these quantities. We can regard the object to be designed as something in a black box. In this case we must specify the inputs and outputs of the box, together with their characteristics and limitations. The specifications define the cost, the number to be manufactured, the expected life, the range, the operating temperature, and the reliability. Specified characteristics can include the speeds, feeds, temperature limitations, maximum range, expected variations in the variables, dimensional and weight limitations, etc.

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FABRICATION OF PESTICIDES BICYCLE SPRAYER MACHINE

                          

  BACKGROUND  OF THE PROJECT

       In Tanzania about 80% of population is directly or indirectly depends upon the farming. Hence it is said that Tanzania is an agricultural based country. But till now our farmers are doing farming in same traditional ways. They are doing seed sowing, fertilizers and pesticides spraying, cultivating by conventional methods. There is need of development in this sector and most commonly on fertilizers pesticides spraying technique, because it requires more efforts and time to spray by traditional way.

         Most of African nations are at developing stage and they are facing the problem of high population and as compared to that agricultural productivity is much lower as compared to developed nations. Tanzania is one of the nations who is facing the same problem. This is caused due to low level farms, insufficient power availability to farms and poor level of farm mechanization

.         In order to meet the requirement of food of growing population and rapid industrialization, there is a need of the modernization of agriculture sector. On many farms production suffers because, delay in sowing, improper distribution suffer because delay in sowing, improper distribution of pesticides and fertilizers, harvesting. Mechanization solves all the problems which are responsible for low production. It conserves the input and precision in work and get better and equal distribution. It reduces quantity needed for better response, prevent the losses and wastage of input applied. It get high productivity so that cost of production will reduced.

      To reach the requirement of production Agriculture implement and machinery program of the government take steps to increase availability of implement, pumps, tractors, power tillers, harvester and other power operated machines. Special emphasis was laid on the later as more than 35% of the farmers fall in small and marginal category. Generally mechanization of small forms is very difficult and non-affordable but in some developed countries make it happens. They are by proper mechanization they did farming and get more production than Tanzanian. They are using the modern time saving machine of required sizes to get more production. Developed countries led agriculture to new heights

           As we have seen in Tanzania mechanical sprayer farmers need to pump manually, as a result, spraying remains difficult task with these sprayers. Today, we decided to design bicycle sprayer which is much

PROBLEM STATEMENTS

Spraying of pesticides and other chemicals in the far is a tedious and laborious task. The conventional knapsack sprayers available in the market require manual labor to operate, and nowadays labor is difficult to find due to movement of farm laborers toward cities. The small farmers cannot afford to buy the power operated sprayer or tractor-mounted sprayers available in the market, as these are very costly and are of not much use to small farmers due to small land holdings. Spraying of pesticides and other chemicals in the far is a tedious and laborious task. The conventional knapsack sprayers available in the market require manual labor to operate, and nowadays labor is difficult to find due to movement of farm laborers toward cities. The small farmers cannot afford to buy the power operated sprayer or tractor-mounted sprayers available in the market, as these are very costly and are of not much use to small farmers due to small land holdings. easier to operate than its predecessor as it is powered by bicycle.

Group member

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INTRODUCTION TO SOLIDWORKS 2016

Welcome to the world of Computer Aided Design  (CAD) with SOLIDWORKS. If you are a new user of this software package, you will be joining hands with thousands of users of this  parametric, feature-based, and one o f the most user-friendly  software  packages. If  you  are familiar   with  the previous  releases  of  t hi s  software, you will be able to upgrade your designing skills with this improved release of SOLIDWORKS.

SOLI DWORKS, developed by the SOLI DWORKS Corporation, USA, is a feature based,parametric solid-modeling mechanical design and automation software. SOLIDWORKS is the first CAD package to use the Microsoft windows graphic the user interface.The use of the drag and drop (DD) functionality of  Windo ws  makes  t hi s  CAD  package extremely easy to learn.The  Windows  graphic user interface makes it possible for the mechanical design engineers to innovate their ideas and implement them in the form of virtual prototypes or solid models, large assemblies, subassemblies, and detailing and drafting. SOLIDWORKS is one of the products of SOLI DWORKS Corporation, which is a part of Dassault Systems.   SOLI DWORKS  also works as plat form software for a number of software. This implies

that you  canal so use other compatible  software  within the SOLIDWORKS window. There are a number of software  provided by the SOLI DWORKS Corporation, which can be used as add-ins with SOLIDWORKS. Some of the software that can  because on SOLI DWORKS’ s  wor k plat form  are listed

below:

SOLIDWORKS Motion SOLIDWORKS Routing  Scan To 3D eDrawings

SOLIDWORKS Simulation SOLIDWORKS Toolbox Phot o View 360 CircuitWorks

SOLIDWORKS Plastics SOLIDWORKS Inspection Tool Analyst As  mentioned earlier, SOLIDWORKS is a parametric, feature-based, and easy-t o -use mechanical design  automation software. It enables you to convert the basic 2D sketch into a solid model by using

simple but hig hly  effect ive  mo del ing   t o o l s.   I t   al so   enables  yo u  t o   cr eat e  t he  vi r t ual   pr o t o t ype  o f  a

sheet   met al   co mpo nent   and  t he  flat   pat t er n  o f  t he  co mpo nent .   Thi s  helps  yo u  in  t he  co mplet e  pr o cess

planning  fo r  desig ning  and cr eat ing  a pr ess t o o l .  SOLI DWORKS helps yo u t o  ext r act  t he co r e and t he

cavi t y  o f  a  mo del   t hat   has  t o   be  mo lded  o r   cast .   Wi t h  SOLI DWORKS,  yo u  can  al so   cr eat e  co mplex

par amet r ic  shapes  in  t he  fo r m  o f  sur faces.   So me  o f  t he  impo r t ant   mo des  o f  SOLI DWORKS  ar e

di scussed next .

Par t Mode

The Part  mo de o f SOLI DWORKS i s a feat ur e-based par amet r ic envi r o nment  in which yo u can cr eat e

so l id  mo del s.   I n  t hi s  mo de,  yo u  ar e  pr o vided  wi t h  t hr ee  defaul t   planes  named  as  Fro nt   Pl ane,  To p

Pl ane,  and  Ri g ht   Pl ane.   Fi r st ,  yo u  need  t o   select   a  sket ching   plane  t o   cr eat e  a  sket ch  fo r   t he  base

feat ur e.   On  select ing   a  sket ching   plane,  yo u  ent er   t he  sket ching   envi r o nment .   The  sket ches  fo r   t he

mo del   ar e  dr awn  in  t he  sket ching   envi r o nment   using   easy-t o -use  t o o l s.   Aft er   dr awing   t he  sket ches,

yo u  can  dimensio n  t hem  and  apply  t he  r equi r ed  r elat io ns  in  t he  same  sket ching   envi r o nment .   The

desig n  int ent   i s  capt ur ed  easi ly  by  adding   r elat io ns  and  equat io ns  and  using   t he  desig n  t able  in  t he

desig n.  Y o u  ar e  pr o vided wi t h  t he  st andar d  ho le  l ibr ar y  kno wn  as  t he Ho l e Wi zard  in  t he  Part   mo de.

Y o u  can  cr eat e  simple  ho les,  t apped  ho les,  co unt er bo r e  ho les,  co unt er sink  ho les,  and  so   o n  by  using

t hi s  wizar d.   The  ho les  can  be  o f  any  st andar d  such  as  I SO,  ANSI ,  JI S,  and  so   o n.   Y o u  can  al so   cr eat e

co mpl icat ed  sur faces  by  using   t he  sur face  mo del ing   t o o l s  avai lable  in  t he  Part   mo de.   Anno t at io ns

such  as  weld  symbo l s,  g eo met r ic  t o ler ance,  dat um  r efer ences,  and  sur face  fini sh  symbo l s  can  be

added  t o   t he mo del  wi t hin  t he  Part   mo de.   The  st andar d  feat ur es  t hat   ar e  used  fr equent ly  can  be  saved

as  l ibr ar y  feat ur es  and  r et r ieved  when  needed.   The  palet t e  feat ur e  l ibr ar y  o f  SOLI DWORKS  co nt ains

a  number   o f  st andar d  mechanical   par t s  and  feat ur es.   Y o u  can  al so   cr eat e  t he  sheet   met al   co mpo nent s

in  t hi s  mo de  o f  SOLI DWORKS  by  using   t he  r elat ed  t o o l s.   Besides  t hi s,  yo u  can  al so   analyze  t he  par t

mo del   fo r   var io us  st r esses  appl ied  t o   i t   in  t he  r eal   physical   co ndi t io ns  by  using   an  easy  and  user fr iendly  t o o l   cal led Simulat io nXpr ess.   I t   helps  yo u  r educe  t he  co st   and  t ime  in  physical ly  t est ing   yo ur

desig n  in  r eal   t est ing   co ndi t io ns  (dest r uct ive  t est s).   Y o u  can  al so   analyze  t he  co mpo nent   dur ing

mo del ing   in  t he  SOLI DWORKS  windo ws.   I n  addi t io n,  yo u  can  wo r k  wi t h  t he  weld  mo del ing   wi t hin

t he  Part   mo de  o f  SOLI DWORKS  by  cr eat ing   st eel   st r uct ur es  and  adding   weld  beads.   Al l   st andar d

weld  t ypes  and  welding   co ndi t io ns  ar e  avai lable  fo r   yo ur   r efer ence.   Y o u  can  ext r act   t he  co r e  and  t he

cavi t y in t he Part  mo de by using  t he mo ld desig n t o o l s.

Assembly Mode

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